ਕੱਛੂਆਂ ਦੇ ਖੂਨ ਦਾ ਬਾਇਓਕੈਮੀਕਲ ਵਿਸ਼ਲੇਸ਼ਣ

In many Moscow veterinary laboratories at clinics, a biochemical blood test is done. The analysis is done according to five indicators: urea, total protein, phosphorus, calcium, uric acid (to determine renal failure), or by: total protein, glucose, uric acid, urea nitrogen, creatinine, transaminases (AST, ALT), alkaline phosphatase, creatine kinase, electrolytes (calcium, phosphorus, sodium, potassium and chlorine).

Normal indicators for a turtle are:

ਪੈਰਾਮੀਟਰ		Average for turtles	ਇਕਾਈ
ਐਲਾਨਾਈਨ ਐਮੀਨੋਟ੍ਰਾਂਸਫੇਰੇਸ	ਹੋਰ	20 ਨੂੰ	ed/l
ਯੂਰੀਆ ਨਾਈਟ੍ਰੋਜਨ	ਚੰਗਾ	200-100020- 100	mg / l mg / dL
ਐਸਪਾਰਟੇਟ ਐਮੀਨੋਟ੍ਰਾਂਸਫੇਰੇਸ	AST	50 - 130	ed/l
ਗਲੂਕੋਜ਼		36-1002- 5,5	mg / dL mmol / l
ਹੇਮੇਟੋਕ੍ਰੇਟ	ਪੀ.ਸੀ.ਵੀ.	0,24-0,3520- 35	l/l %
ਗਾਮਾ-ਗਲੂਟਾਮਾਈਲਟ੍ਰਾਂਸਫੇਰੇਸ	ਜੀ.ਜੀ.ਟੀ.	<= 10	ed/l
ਪੋਟਾਸ਼ੀਅਮ		2 - 8	mmol/l
ਕੈਲਸ਼ੀਅਮ		3.29 (2.4-4.86) 8 – 15	mmol / l mg / dL
ਕਰੀਏਟੀਨਾਈਨ		<= 26,5 <1	μmol / l mg / dL
ਸ੍ਰਿਸ਼ਟੀਨ ਕਨਜ਼		490	ed/l
Lactodehydrogenase	LDT	1000 ਨੂੰ	ed/l
ਯੂਰੀਕ ਐਸਿਡ		71 (47,5-231) 2 – 10	μmol / l mg / dL
ਯੂਰੀਆ		0,35-1,62	mmol/l
ਸੋਡੀਅਮ		120-170	mmol/l
ਕੁੱਲ ਪ੍ਰੋਟੀਨ		30 (25-46) 3 – 8	g / l g/dL
ਟ੍ਰਾਈਗਲਾਈਸਰਾਈਡਜ਼		1-1.8	mmol/l
ਫਾਸਫੋਰਸ		0.83 (0.41-1.25) 1 – 5	mmol / l mg / dL
ਕਲੋਰੀਨ		100 - 150	mmol/l
ਅਲਕਲੀਨ ਫਾਸਫੇਟਜ		ed/l	70-120

ਛੋਟੀ ਰਕਮ ਖਿਲਾਰਾ may be due to poor nutrition, or be the result of impaired kidney function or impaired intestinal absorption (in the presence of parasites). Lack of ਗਲੂਕੋਜ਼ typical for malnourished turtles, with an excess of protein in the feed, with severe hepatopathy, endocrinopathies and septicemia. It manifests itself as lethargy, slight tremor, sagging head, dilated pupil.

ਸਥਿਰ ਯੂਰਿਕ ਐਸਿਡ an increase to 150 mg / l indicates a pathological process: renal failure, gout, nephrocalcinosis (excess calcium and D3), bacteremia, septicemia, nephritis. This is not a reliable indicator of kidney failure (2/3 of the kidney tissue will be affected), but it does indicate gout quite clearly. A concentration of 200 mg/l is lethal. ਯੂਰੀਆ ਨਾਈਟ੍ਰੋਜਨ (BUN) is removed by glomerular filtration, so an increase in the level of urea may indicate impaired renal function (glomerular apparatus) and non-renal azotemia. ਕਰੀਏਟੀਨਾਈਨ is normally very low and may increase with dehydration and impaired renal function. The source of the enzyme creatinine kinase is skeletal muscle. Its increase together with AST and ALT indicates a pathological process on the part of skeletal muscles. ਕੈਲਸ਼ੀਅਮ. Hypocalcemia develops due to a lack of calcium in the diet, an excess of phosphates, and a lack of vitamin D.₃, as well as alkalosis and hypoalbuminemia. In the initial stages of the disease, the lack of calcium is compensated by bone tissue, while a normal level of calcium in the blood can be maintained. Elevated calcium levels (too much calcium and vitamin D₃, as well as increased function of the parathyroid glands and osteolysis.

Levels above 200 mg/l are dangerous and lead to nephrocalcinosis, renal failure and false gout. Sharp drop ਸੋਡੀਅਮ in the blood is observed with severe diarrhea. Level increase ਪੋਟਾਸ਼ੀਅਮ usually associated with necrosis or severe acidosis. Level increase ਕਲੋਰੀਨ can be associated with both kidney failure and dehydration (tortoise weight is reduced). An increased level of phosphorus in the blood can be caused by an excess of phosphorus in the feed, hypervitaminosis D, and kidney failure. Normally, the ratio of calcium and phosphorus in the blood should be 4:1 – 6:1, and in the feed – 1,5:1 – 2:1. Young turtles have normally elevated blood phosphate levels.

To pass the analysis, the attending veterinarian must take blood from a vein (usually a supratail vein) from a turtle at any time of the day, preferably on an empty stomach in a volume of at least 0,5-2 ml in a test tube with EDTA.

When examining the blood of turtles, it is worth considering the reference fluctuations due to sex, age and season of the year. For example, the highest levels of calcium can be observed in healthy turtles between April and March, and by October the values decrease significantly, adult females may have higher values than males. And the norm of uric acid in the blood is conditionally considered to be a concentration not exceeding 594 µmol / l. Unfortunately, reference blood values in reference books are not as strict as in the case of cats or dogs, due to too little research done to compile references for reptiles.

Minor deviations from the norm, with the general good health of the animal, may be the norm for this animal. It is best to rely on previously obtained results of blood tests taken in the same year, specifically from this turtle.

Laboratories in which we did tests: